Gut microbiota: the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, in the gut. However, athletes are interested not only in preventing disease but also in optimizing health and performance. As a result, the gut microbiota mediates and modulates many of the effects of diet and nutrition and health, such as the risk of chronic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease ( 8, 9).
Importantly, diet affects the microbial community within the gut ( 5–7). However, recent scientific advances suggest that nutrition may also influence athletic performance via the gut and the trillions of microorganisms that inhabit this ecosystem ( Text Box 1) ( 2–4). Nutrition has long been used as a tool by athletes to feed their brains, bones, muscles, and cardiovascular system to foster peak performance ( 1).
The athlete's goal is to optimize this complex system to enhance performance. The human body integrates thousands of biochemical processes to manifest the various aspects of its metabolic phenotype. Microbiome, athletic performance, gastrointestinal health, protein, carbohydrates, prebiotics, probiotics Introduction
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Ultimately, while this is an emerging and promising area of research, more studies are needed that incorporate, control, and manipulate all 3 of these elements (i.e., diet, exercise, and gut microbiome) to provide recommendations for athletes on how to “fuel their microbes.” Conversely, intake of adequate dietary fiber, a variety of protein sources, and emphasis on unsaturated fats, especially omega-3 (ɷ-3) fatty acids, in addition to consumption of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, have shown promising results in optimizing athlete health and performance. Common dietary strategies such as high protein and simple carbohydrate intake, low fiber intake, and food avoidance may adversely impact the gut microbiota and, in turn, performance. Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota could, in theory, contribute to the effects of dietary intake on athletic performance by influencing microbial metabolite production, gastrointestinal physiology, and immune modulation. This review provides an overview of the interaction between diet, exercise, and the gut microbiota, focusing on dietary strategies that may impact both the gut microbiota and athletic performance.
Therefore, athletes should consider dietary strategies in the context of their potential effects on the gut microbiota, including the impact of sports-centric dietary strategies (e.g., protein supplements, carbohydrate loading) on the gut microbiota as well as the effects of gut-centric dietary strategies (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics) on performance. However, recent research suggests that the gut and its resident microbiota may also play a role in athlete health and performance. Towards this end, nutrition has been used to improve the health of athletes’ brains, bones, muscles, and cardiovascular system. The athlete's goal is to optimize their performance.
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